💰 Emergency Fund vs Cash Buffer vs Sinking Funds

Emergency Fund

Purpose:

Protection against major income disruption or catastrophic expense. Provides months of financial runway.

When used:

• Job loss or income cessation
• Serious illness preventing work
• Major home damage (earthquake, flood)
• Family crisis requiring extended time off

When NOT used:

• Car repairs (use sinking fund or cash buffer)
• Annual insurance (use sinking fund)
• Holiday (save separately)
• Impulse purchases (never)

Size:

• Calculate monthly essential expenses
• Multiply by 3-12 months (depends on income stability)
• Example: $4,000/month expenses × 6 months = $24,000

Location:

• High-interest savings account
• Separate from everyday accounts (prevents temptation)
• Immediately accessible (no term deposits)
• Don't invest in shares (might need during market crash)

Cash Buffer

Purpose:

Smooths monthly cashflow variation and handles minor unexpected costs without touching emergency fund.

When used:

• Unexpected $800 car repair
• Replace broken appliance $500
• Medical visit not covered by insurance $150
• Month where expenses slightly higher than income
• Pet emergency $400

Size:

• $2,000-5,000 depending on household
• Single person: $2,000-3,000
• Family: $3,000-5,000
• Enough for typical monthly variations + minor emergency

Location:

• Same account as emergency fund OR
• Separate savings account
• Key: Clearly defined amount reserved as buffer

Management:

• Replenish immediately after use
• If dips below threshold, prioritize refilling
• Acts as shock absorber for life's bumps

Sinking Funds

Purpose:

Save gradually for known future expenses. Prevents large bills from being "surprises."

Common NZ sinking funds:

1. Annual rates:

• Amount: $2,400/year typical
• Monthly: $200
• When needed: January or spread quarterly

2. Vehicle costs:

• Registration + WOF: $200
• Insurance: $800/year
• Maintenance/repairs: $1,000/year
• Total: $2,000/year = $167/month

3. Home/contents insurance:

• Amount: $1,200/year typical
• Monthly: $100

4. Holiday fund:

• Target: $3,000/year
• Monthly: $250

5. Home maintenance:

• 1% of home value annually
• $600k home = $6,000/year = $500/month

Total typical sinking fund needs:

• Rates: $200/month
• Vehicle: $167/month
• Insurance: $100/month
• Holiday: $250/month
• Home: $500/month
• Total: $1,217/month into sinking funds

Location:

• Separate savings account(s)
• Many banks allow multiple "buckets" or sub-accounts
• Some people use one account with tracking spreadsheet
• Auto-transfer monthly to build gradually

Key benefit:

Irregular expenses become predictable. $2,400 rates bill doesn't create crisis because you've been saving $200/month.

📊 Buffer Size by Income Stability

Why Income Type Matters

More uncertain income = larger emergency fund needed. Salaried employees have notice periods and redundancy protections. Contractors can lose income overnight.

Salaried Employee

Income characteristics:

• Regular paycheck (fortnightly/monthly)
• Notice period if terminated (2-4 weeks typical)
• Potential redundancy payment
• Unemployment benefits available (Jobseeker Support)
• Average time to find new job: 2-4 months

Recommended buffers:

• Emergency fund: 3-6 months expenses
• Cash buffer: $2,000-3,000
• Sinking funds: As needed for irregular expenses

Example - Wellington teacher:

• Monthly expenses: $3,500
• Emergency fund: 4 months × $3,500 = $14,000
• Cash buffer: $2,500
• Sinking funds: $6,000 annually ($500/month)
• Total buffer target: $16,500 + sinking fund accumulation

Commission-Based Income

Income characteristics:

• Variable monthly income
• Good months vs lean months
• Some base salary usually
• Less predictable than pure salary

Recommended buffers:

• Emergency fund: 6-9 months expenses
• Cash buffer: $4,000-5,000 (smooths variable income)
• Sinking funds: Critical (can't rely on "next commission")

Contractor (Fixed-Term Contracts)

Income characteristics:

• Contract ends = income stops
• Gap between contracts common (1-3 months)
• No redundancy protection
• No sick leave or annual leave pay
• Higher income but more volatility

Recommended buffers:

• Emergency fund: 6-12 months expenses
• Cash buffer: $5,000
• Sinking funds: Essential (includes gap between contracts)

Example - Christchurch IT contractor:

• Monthly expenses: $5,000
• Emergency fund: 9 months × $5,000 = $45,000
• Cash buffer: $5,000
• Sinking funds: $8,000 annually ($667/month)
• Total buffer target: $50,000 + sinking fund accumulation

Self-Employed (Business Owner)

Income characteristics:

• Highly variable and unpredictable
• No employer to fall back on
• Business expenses continue even if revenue drops
• Can take months to stabilize if client lost

Recommended buffers:

• Emergency fund: 9-12 months expenses
• Cash buffer: $5,000-10,000
• Sinking funds: Critical (tax bills, equipment, gaps)
• Business buffer: Separate 3-6 months operating costs

Buffer Stacking Strategy

Order of Building:

Stage 1: Mini emergency fund

• Target: $1,000-2,000
• Purpose: Prevents going into debt for small emergencies
• Build first before anything else

Stage 2: Pay off high-interest debt

• Credit cards, personal loans >10% interest
• While building, maintain mini fund but prioritize debt

Stage 3: Build cash buffer

• Target: $2,000-5,000
• Handles monthly variation and minor unexpected

Stage 4: Establish sinking funds

• Identify annual irregular expenses
• Divide by 12, start monthly contributions
• Build to 12 months worth

Stage 5: Build full emergency fund

• 3-12 months expenses (based on income type)
• Build gradually - may take 1-3 years
• Doesn't need to be reached before investing

Stage 6: Start investing surplus

• Once buffers adequate, invest for growth
• KiwiSaver, index funds, property
• Don't hoard excessive cash

⚠️ When Buffers Become Excessive

Too Much Cash Has Costs

Opportunity cost:

• Cash in savings: 2-4% return
• Invested in shares: 7-10% long-term
• Difference: 5-6% annual
• $50,000 excess cash = $2,500-3,000/year foregone

Inflation erosion:

• NZ inflation averages 2-3%
• Savings interest often below inflation
• Real purchasing power declines over time
• $50k today = $46k purchasing power in 3 years at 3% inflation

How Much Is Too Much?

Red flags:

• Emergency fund > 12 months expenses (even for self-employed)
• Total cash > 20% of net worth
• Haven't invested in years due to "building safety"
• Savings account balance growing faster than investments

Optimal balance:

• Buffers: Adequate for your income type
• Investments: Everything beyond buffers
• Cash shouldn't be wealth-building strategy

Reallocating Surplus Cash

If you have excess ($10k+ beyond adequate buffers):

Option 1: Pay down debt

• Mortgage at 6% = guaranteed 6% return
• Better than 3% savings if buffer already adequate

Option 2: Increase KiwiSaver

• Voluntary contributions
• Lump sum if allowed
• Long-term growth

Option 3: Invest in index funds

• Diversified share fund
• Start with $5k-10k
• Build over time

Option 4: Property deposit

• If planning to buy within 2-3 years
• Keep in savings until ready

NZ Scenarios

Scenario 1: Christchurch IT Contractor (Sarah, 35)

Income:

• $120,000/year contracting (variable)
• Some months $15k, others $5k

Monthly expenses:

• Essential: $5,000/month

Buffer needs:

• Emergency fund: 9 months × $5,000 = $45,000
• Cash buffer: $5,000
• Sinking funds annual: $8,000
• Total target: $50,000 + $8k sinking accumulation

Current situation:

• Savings account: $62,000
• Analysis: $12,000 excess beyond buffers
• Recommendation: Keep $50k buffers, invest $12k surplus

Scenario 2: Wellington Teacher (James, 28)

Income:

• $65,000/year salary (stable)
• Fortnightly pay

Monthly expenses:

• Essential: $3,500/month

Buffer needs:

• Emergency fund: 4 months × $3,500 = $14,000
• Cash buffer: $2,500
• Sinking funds annual: $6,000
• Total target: $16,500 + $6k sinking accumulation

Current situation:

• Savings account: $22,000
• Analysis: $5,500 excess beyond buffers
• Recommendation: Keep $16.5k buffers, invest $5.5k in KiwiSaver or index fund

Financial Buffer Checklist

Assess Current State:

• ☐ Calculate monthly essential expenses: $______
• ☐ Current total savings: $______
• ☐ Income type: Salaried / Commission / Contractor / Self-employed

Calculate Buffer Targets:

Emergency fund:

• ☐ Salaried: 3-6 months
• ☐ Commission: 6-9 months
• ☐ Contractor: 6-12 months
• ☐ Self-employed: 9-12 months
• ☐ My target: _____ months × $_____ = $______

Cash buffer:

• ☐ Target: $2,000-5,000
• ☐ My target: $______

Sinking funds:

• ☐ List annual irregular expenses:
• Rates: $______
• Insurance: $______
• Vehicle: $______
• Other: $______
• ☐ Total annual: $______
• ☐ Monthly contribution: $______ ÷ 12

Total buffer target: $______

Build Systematically:

• ☐ Stage 1: Mini emergency fund $1,000
• ☐ Stage 2: Pay high-interest debt
• ☐ Stage 3: Cash buffer $2,000-5,000
• ☐ Stage 4: Sinking funds established
• ☐ Stage 5: Full emergency fund
• ☐ Stage 6: Invest surplus

Check for Excess:

• ☐ Total cash > 12 months expenses? Yes / No
• ☐ If yes, surplus amount: $______
• ☐ Plan for surplus: Invest / Pay debt / Other